aquaplaning speed a320

The National Transportation Safety Board is an independent federal agency charged by Congress with investigating every civil aviation accident in the United States and significant accidents in other modes of transportation — highway, marine, pipeline , and railroad.We determine the probable cause of the accidents we investigate and issue safety recommendations aimed at … Aquaplaning Speed: Originals: 96 - 183psi: 84 - 116Kts: 125 - 145psi: 96 - 104Kts: Classics: 185 - 217psi: 118 - 128Kts: 163 - 194psi: 111 - 121Kts: NG's: 117 - 205psi: 93 - 123Kts: 123 - 208psi: 95 - 124Kts: Another oddity of the 737 is the resonant vibration during taxying that occurs at approx 17kts in classics and 24kts in NG's. Up to 150 seats can be configured within the Airbus A320 cabin, and the aircraft can travel 5,280 nm. The formula for aquaplaning speed in Knots is 9 x square root of tyre pressure in PSI. Usually. But increased weights, higher landing speeds and difficult wet or slippery conditions mean that extra caution and allowance will be needed by the crew. Aquaplaning is also highly relevant to cars at speeds as low as 40 mph. Max Tire Speed 195kts A320E / Peagasus FMGS only Vr = rotation speed (Vr >= V1 and Vr > 1.05Vmca) TAKE-OFF LPC calculation Alignement distance: GO case: 19m STOP case: A319 29m / A320(E) 31m / A321 35m DRY: No Reversers / Screen Height 35ft / Obstacle 35ft WET and CONTAMINATED: With Reversers / Screen height 15ft / Obstacle 35ft WINDSHEAR WARNING & … Know the aquaplaning speed of the main tires and wheels; Use flaps to land at the lowest practicable speed; Do not perform a long flare or allow the aircraft to drift in the flare. There is a simple formula to find the aquaplaning speed of a given smooth tire. 63. OPERATING LIMIT SPEED. Just such an incident occurred at Melbourne Airport in January 1998. There are three types of aquaplaning - viscous, rubber reversion, and dynamic. Start studying A320 Final. Rain. Don’t hold the Nose off ! At least they were on the ground having landed safely and doing a 180 turn to backtrack. Flight Instruments and Automatic Flight Control Systems, David Harris Page 33. After SU7 If I do a IFR flight OR NOT I can change speed and altitude with the knobs but does not change in the EFIS display. Option B. decreasing the rotor speed. DLH2904 Airbus A320 accident, Warsaw, 14 September 1993. Control becomes an issue, and you discontinue take-off. Tam Linhas Aereas Flight JJ 3054 was enroute to Sao Paulo from Porto Alegre. Then the nose wheel starts aquaplaning. MLW – Maximum certified Landing Weight VREF – Minimum Approach Speed RLD DRY – Landing Field Length dry runway, sea level. Increase the rotor speed, decrease the rate of precession. ... Anti-skid systems are designed to minimise aquaplaning and the potential tyre damage which can occur when a wheel is locked or rotating at a speed which does not correspond to the speed of the aircraft. Explanation. The A320 has been designed to cruise at a Mach Number of 0.78. Mirroring. 11 - Dutch Safety Board - Dutch Safety Board. The crew engages the wheel brakes. Just such an incident occurred at Melbourne airport in January 1998. by 24 kts greater than the landing speed given in 11.70.1, the rollout distance calculated roughly on general formulas (in view of the tailwind limitation to 10 kts - AOM 320A does not contain data for greater velocities of wind) would amount to 1746 m² and average … 63) ... Airbus A320 family; 128 pages. Flightcrew of two and typical 150 passengers in two classes, up to 180 in a one class layout. aquaplaning speed= 9 times the root of the tire pressure. The A320 then traveled across a busy road and slammed into a gas station. The tire loses road contact, and the vehicle is no longer responsive to steering. Airbus natural icing test SAT °C Mean cloud supercooled water content 100 200 FL about100 300 Speed (kt) NO ICING -10° -20° POSSIBLE ICING R am -30° effe ct -40° Local effect of speed This figure shows: 1- the envelope of conditions, which are prone to icing, as a function of outside air temperature and aircraft speed. The Boeing 787-8, 787-9 and 787-10 are described in the Boeing 787 Specs table at the bottom of this page which shows the detailed specifications of each of the types. During any loss of control in a car, due to panic the natural reaction is to heavily apply the brakes. Maximum Tire Speed: VTIRE The tire manufacturer specifies the maximum ground speed that can be reached, in order to limit the centrifugal forces and the heat elevation that may damage the tire structure. Classification of aquaplaning or hydroplaning types. Mathematically there is a formula for Aquaplaning speed - Aquaplaning Speed (Kt.) Maximum Landing Weight (MLW) MTOW - Trip Fuel. Typical case study is the Runway Excursion an A320 in Sao Paolo ... of loss of directional control or loss of braking on rollout due to aquaplaning are … In other words, the aquaplaning speed is a threshold at which friction forces are severely diminished. Heavy rains are formed by drops of water with a diameter of more than 0.5 mm that are noticeably separated from the clouds. Drive smoothly and watch your speed ; How you drive in wet weather is the key to stopping your car from aquaplaning. b) For the ground speed recorded at the moment of full touchdown (on all three landing gears) as 145 kts, i.e. When driving on wet roads at high speed, a wedge of water can build up between the tire and the road surface. This is highly likely to make the loss of control even worse. The wheels of the aircraft were sliding on rain-soaked tarmac during landing and were rotating insufficiently because of aquaplaning. The project was re-designated in 1981, with Airbus and Delta Airlines collaborating on the new airliner. air velocity of the aircraft and the wind velocity. This article is the conclusion of our theme of speed management during a flight, which began in Safety first Issue #18. Where the speed is displayed it is in red and has [SPD SEL] displayed and where the altitude is displayed it has 5000. Hydroplaning (or aquaplaning) can be of three types: dynamic hydroplaning, viscous hydroplaning and hydroplaning with destruction of tire rubber. <>. Aquaplaning is a physical phenomenon that occurs when the wheels of the car do not adhere to the road because of the rain. The autopilot was engaged. The Four main elements that … Grooved runways offer better drainage and the other factors are tyre pressure and ground speed, tire … The device collects measured deceleration data of the aircraft during taxiing of the aircraft on the runway. In the wet conditions teams want to increase ride height … but a plane will normbally NOT aquaplane due to steam, but due to a tonge of water develloped between the tire and surface. Somewhere I remember reading that Airbus' A320 autoland is supposed to give a descent rate in the flare of ~150fpm to prevent aquaplaning at touchdown on a contaminated runway. . Our objective is to cover descent from cruise altitude down toward the destination airport and prepare the aircraft for its approach and landing.This article aims to highlight how the reference, limit and operating speeds are … Aircraft engine controls are also considered as flight controls as they change speed.. The reference speed (Vref) was 132 knots and the approach speed (Vapp), 142 knots. Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. Note: Refer to OM-A 8.1.13.10.1 C. STANDARD CALLS 1. A/THR REVERTS TO SPEED MODE FCA A318/A319/A320/A321 FLEET FCTM OP-030. The formula for aquaplaning speed in Miles per Hour is 10.4 x square root of tyre pressure in PSI. = 9 (approx.) Standard calls will be in accordance with the Operations Manual – Part A and the A320 SOP standard call outs except where stated otherwise below. The crew extended the landing gear, called out and displayed a VAPP of 140 kt and positioned the flaps at 30°. A device and associated method for determining an airport runway state includes a device that determines a runway state and is placed on board an aircraft. AQUAPLANING Although it appears only to be an aircrew problem, there is a significant factor that affects the maintenance engineer. TAP017: Aquaplaning 1. 4 Runway 11; runways are designated with numbers from 01 to 36, according to the magnetic heading to which they are oriented, in increments of 10°. US20130327014A1 US13/914,441 US201313914441A US2013327014A1 US 20130327014 A1 US20130327014 A1 US 20130327014A1 US 201313914441 A US201313914441 A US 201313914441A US 2013327014 A1 US2013327014 A1 US 2013327014A1 Authority US United States Prior art keywords fan thrust core engine aft aircraft Prior art date 2012-06-12 Legal … For instance, in 1993 Airbus A320 was cleared for a Warsaw runway 11 approach and were told of the existence of wind shear on the approach. As the airplane climbed out from New York’s La Guardia Airport the afternoon of Jan. 15, 2009, the captain briefly paused from flight deck tasks to comment, “What a view of the Hudson today.”. destroyed), a fatal accident with an A320 which overran the end of the wet runway at Okecie ... occurs is called the hydroplaning or aquaplaning speed. The crew of the A320-200 was informed that the A320neo had just landed and would ... expected braking performance and reported aquaplaning during the landing roll. Accelerating will have a similar effect. Short to medium range single aisle airliner. The world’s busiest airports can accommodate an aircraft every 40 seconds so their runways need to be of a strong constitution. ... driving on low-grip surfaces or aquaplaning. Because they were under the wing (as opposed to behind the wing) it was found that they were VERY ineffective (story has it that the aircraft would actually … CLASS A AIRCRAFT PERFORMANCE.pdf - Free download as PDF File (.pdf), Text File (.txt) or view presentation slides online. A320-211 Accident in Warsaw Due to its high speed and tailwind the aircraft touches down 770m past the runway threshold. The crew engages the wheel brakes. A gyroscopic body has its rigidity increased by. Then at least one runway state is estimated from the collected data, and the estimate is transmitted to another … I had the same problem with add-on Airbus aircraft also so I completely emptied out the community folder to eliminate any … Answer (1 of 4): Don’t try to ‘grease’ it on ! I've never piloted the A320 in FS2020, but as far as I know, Airbus have multiple types of climb settings: - Keep Power and maintain speed using Pitch (Open Climb, your current setting) - Maintain Pitch - Maintain Vertical Speed If you want an specific vertical speed, you have to pull the knob next to the altitude setting, it will show you next to your set altitude the desired … Figure 3 gives an example of the additional tire precipitation drag caused by loose snow on a Boeing 737 aircraft. A320/A320E 20kts in selected SPD TAILWIND 10kts FLAPS 3 or FULL A320/A320E OEI flaps FULL only REVERSE NORMAL A321 OEI IDLE REV only MINIMUMS ALL-ENG CAT3B OEI CAT3A A320E OEI CAT2 150ft/450m For training AL, visual references at CAT 1 min are APPROACH AUTHORISATION (OM A 8.4 5.4.1) An IMC approach should only be commenced At the flare height lift your eyes to focus at the end of the runway. This phenomenon is known as aquaplaning or hydroplaning. There are three different variations of the Boeing 787 Dreamliner and as of 31 March 2017, all three variants are flying commercially. Question Number. Typical landing speed for an A320 is around 130kts to 140kts but again that depends on those following factors. There is no precise equation to determine the speed at which a vehicle will aquaplane. Existing efforts have derived rules of thumb from empirical testing. In general, cars start to aquaplane at speeds above 45-58 mph (72-93 km/h). Motorcycles benefit from narrow tires with round, canoe-shaped contact patches. The best new tyre in the test only started aquaplaning at 88 km/h. March 2019 GRF Symposium. You’re the pilot of an Airbus A320 accelerating for take-off, but still well short of V1 . The keys to a good approach and landing in big jets are: Know your runway length (performance) and width (flare height perception) Approach at the correct airspeed 1.3Vs / 1.23 Vs1g. Autopilot was disconnected by the crew at 400 feet to continue the approach manually. Option C. increasing the rotor speed. Hydroplaning may occur at touchdown, preventing the wheels from spinning and from sending the wheel-rotation signal to various aircraft systems. I hope this will be an answer to the inquiry , the tire press you can get from your Manual . P 17/18 08 JUL 08 OPERATIONAL PHILOSOPHY A318/A319/A320/A321 AP / FD / ATHR FLIGHT CREW TRAINING MANUAL A/THR in SPEED mode automatically readjusts thrust to regain the target speed. The app is applicable to the Airbus A319, A320 and A321 aircraft models. On good tyres with a moderate rate of rainfall on a well-drained road surface; aquaplaning rarely occurs below 55 mph. However, if any of the above conditions are not met, aquaplaning can happen at speeds as low as 35 mph. as FMGS alterations, changes in speed, tuning navigation radios, flight plan deviations, and selecting such systems as anti-ice and economy flow. Because of the tilted position only one landing gear touches the ground initially. Due to aquaplaning the brakes have no effect. Control becomes an issue, and you discontinue take-off. TAM confirmou o … Aquaplaning is a risk inherent to landing on a (properly) flooded runway and one reason that runway drainage and porosity is so good. Airbus A320-214. Due to its high speed and tailwind the aircraft touches down 770m past the runway threshold. Your tyres will have less chance of gripping to the road if you’re travelling at a higher speed. this can normally happen when there is 3mm or more water on the runway. an Airbus A320 accelerating for take-off,but still well short of V 1. V (speed in knots) = 9 (rootsquare (tyre pressure / Specific Gravity) The specific gravity of water is so close to 1 that it’s good enough for government work. Literally, smash through the surface water. the pilot of an Airbus A320 accelerating for take-off, but still well short of V1. Thus: VLOF ≤ VTIRE For almost all Airbus aircraft models, VTIRE is equal to 195 knots (Ground Speed). Five serious injuries, 95 minor injuries. First airliner with a fly-by-wire-system with side stick controlling and an EFIS-cockpit. When … Accommodation. Headwind A320, A321 30 knots, A321NX 15 knots Tailwind A320, A321 10 knots Crosswind vis > 4000, ¾, A320, A321 20 knots, A321NX 10 knots Crosswind vis < 4000, ¾, A320, A321 15 knots, A321NX 10 knots RVSM Altimeter tolerances (OM I 1.16.1) Ground Check: PFD 1 and 2 within plus/minus 75 ft. of known airport altitude figure landing gear footprint r revised illustration to represent the highest main gear tire pressure for each weight variant. A320 / E145, vicinity Barcelona Spain, 2019 (On 27 September 2019, an Airbus A320 and an Embraer 145 both inbound to Barcelona and being positioned for the same Transition for runway 25R lost separation and received and followed coordinated TCAS RAs after which the closest point of approach was 0.8nm laterally when 200 … A380-842. ... in particular on wet or contaminated runways to minimise the risk of aquaplaning. Accidents and incidents. Option A. decreasing the mass of the rotor. An A320 can land at ZQN with up to 10 knots (18km/hr) tail wind when the runway is dry however pilots generally choose a maximum tail wind speed of 5 knots (8 km/hr) to de-risk the landing. Because of the tilted position only one landing gear touches the ground initially. In the wet conditions teams want to increase ride height … The fundamentals of aircraft controls are explained in flight … passenger, baggage, cargo, mail and fret) Maximum Taxi Weight (MTW) MZFW + Ramp fuel. Only 1525m past the runway threshold the second gear finally touches ground. This speed is for a rolling, non-slipping wheel; a locked wheel reduces the V p to 7.7 times the square root of the pressure. Notes. The pilot in command discontinued take-off on runway 27, later attempting to take-off from runway 34. Anti-skid removes the possibility of reverted rubber skids caused by locked wheels. Track 4.1m 6.7m 7.6m 12.5m MLW 22.8t 58.7t 79.2t 391t VREF 113kt 137kt 138kt 138kt RLD dry 920m 1510m 1590m 2040m. Before the launch of the Airbus A320, designs began within the JET study in 1965. So for example the aquaplaning speed for the L1011 is 112 knots. There isn't a specific answer to your question because a lot of factor play into your landing speed such as weight (the heavier you are the faster you go), elevation, weather conditions such as wind gusts, and also flap settings. Typical landing speed for an A320 is around 130kts to 140kts but again that depends on those following factors. Aquaplaning speed. The company has been working for years on improved braking system. Make sure your tyre tread is at the legal measurement (3mm). The different components of the drag (displacement and compression), are The continued incidence of aquaplaning reduces the braking co-efficient to that of an icy or "slippery" runway - less than 20% of that on an equivalent dry runway. At around 19 h 20, the BRIT AIR flight AF5937 was established on the ILS at an altitude of approximately 1,900 ft and a speed of 180 kt. Therefore, once a locked tire starts aquaplaning it will continue until the speed reduces by other means (air drag or reverse thrust). This is the “minimum time strategy“, which however must allow the net flight path to clear the obstacles. Present indications are that simple dynamic aquaplaning is unlikely to occur in water depths much Speed: 904 km/h: 488 kts 562 mph: Mmo (max. Below is a quote from the archived article written which I believe to have been published on July […] Robert Mark Says: The other risk from aquaplaning in Formula 1 car can happen when the car is literally lifted off the track by the barrier of water between the track and its underbody.Teams want to run plank as close to the ground as possible for aerodynamic reasons, and with such little ground clearance the risk of aquaplaning increases. There’s no specific ‘aquaplaning speed limit’ that you can stay below to avoid this but it’s thought that a vehicle moving at about 30mph in an inch or two of water will be able to keep enough traction to avoid aquaplaning, while one moving at 50mph in the same conditions … The pilot-in-command discontinued take-off on runway 27, later attempting to take-off from runway 34. 71. Posts: n/a As far as I know it's also an … Substantial damage. #SmartPilotsLikeToLearn. As for landings in the mobile version, make sure your speed is consistent, check for weather conditions, check your altitude, and make sure you are at the right speed for each flap setting. How to avoid aquaplaning. Causal Factors The combination of the approach speed required by the report the - Dutch Safety Board 2021. Then the nose wheel starts aquaplaning. x … A320/B737), adaptions for different aircraft types may be needed. Assumption: Plane is moving on runway when wheels are turning. Mach) Mach 0.82: Service Ceiling: 12.131 m: 39.800 ft: Range: 5.700 km: 3.078 NM 3.542 mi. Just such an incident occurred at Melbourne Airport in January 1998. Dynamic aquaplaning is a relatively high-speed phenomenon that occurs when there is a film of water on the runway that is at least 1/10 inch (2.5 mm) deep. Accidents & Serious Incidents involving E145. IATA. This continuously monitored the aircraft’s speed against the remaining runway length, calculating if it could stop in time. Aquaplaning speed. Type ATR72-600 A220-300 A321NX. The FD bars will disappear, because they are not being followed by the PF. However, if any of the above conditions are not met, aquaplaning can happen at speeds as low as 35 mph. What is auto brake a320? Police warned that the … Aquaplaning is something everyone knows about but very few people understand. The (calibrated) air speed is the length of the air velocity of the aircraft, and the ground speed is the length of the ground velocity. For an aircraft tire pressure of 64 PSI, the calculated aquaplaning speed would be approximately 72 knots. In recent tests conducted by Tekniikan Maailma (5/2018), worn tyres started aquaplaning at speeds as low as 75 km/h. Due to aquaplaning the brakes have no effect. Autopilot of Lufthansa A320 Flight to Warsaw Accident: Plane ran off the end of the waterlogged runway resulting in injuries and loss of life. Maximum Zero Fuel Weight (MZFW) DOW + Payload (anything put on the aircraft that generates revenue to the company, e.g. First was the Runway Overrun Prevention System (ROPS), fitted to A320 Family, A330 A350 and A380. landing distance required and approach speed (V APP) based on aircraft configuration, airport and runway selection, runway surface condition, and airport weather data. If you have them, no delay in Spoiler and Reverse Thrust deployment. If it is more than 3 mm, aquaplaning is more likely. Also known as hydroplaning (by posh people in white coats), aquaplaning is the action of losing grip, usually between car tyres and the road, due to excess water on the road surface. The water is dragged by the tire into the wedge shaped geometry formed between the tire and the road surface, causing hydrodynamic … Airbus A320 Reverse Thrust Trend Says: July 22nd, 2007 at 5:13 am […] newly written article, I discovered one paragraph that caught my eye in relation to the new tragic Airbus A320 crash in Brazil. There are more 737s flying - 3,111 - than any other plane. Clive Leyman ... this provoked aquaplaning of the tyres in contact with the runway, so that they never got up to the required rotational speed, and brake application and the application of spoilers/ reverse thrust was delayed. Tech Log - Aquaplaning speed - The closest I have seen to an original source, and the numbers that seem to be quoted by most pilots: Aquaplaning can occur when running in water and in cetain depths and densities of slush. Aquaplaning A well known example of hydrodynamic lubrication is the aquaplaning of automobile tires on wet roads. - A late descent clearance, a tight base-turn or an instruction to keep the speed up ... (e.g. 1. A320: A321: Freight Capacity: 21.21 Cubic Metres (749 cu ft) 27.62 Cubic Metres (975 cu ft) 37.41 Cubic Metres (1,321 cu ft) 51.73 Cubic Metres (1,827 cu ft) Cruising Speed: Mach 0.78 (828KPH / 511 MPH at 11,000 Metres / 36,000 feet) Maximum Operating Speed: Mach 0.82 (871KPH / 537 MPH at 11,000 Metres / 36,000 feet) Maximum Altitude Re: AC A320 slides off runway at YYZ Post by Old fella » Tue Feb 28, 2017 5:15 am In a previous life back and during my Transport Canada Aviation days, I was appointed the "Minister's Representative" on TSB investigations, it was done through the System Safety Division. Then while at about 10 feet above the runway you pull the thrust levers back to IDLE position, and set the plane down slowly. Classification of aquaplaning or hydroplaning types. ... rated and endorsed on the A320. Directional Control The runway wind components are also calculated. When this happens, during heavy rain, the driver loses control over his/her vehicle, and at a great speed the consequences can be fatal. Then the nose wheel starts aquaplaning. On good tyres with a moderate rate of rainfall on a well-drained road surface; aquaplaning rarely occurs below 55 mph. If you want to help yourself avoid this risky situation, take into account the following: Ensure that you check your tyres regularly and pump them up to the right pressure. Only 1525m past the runway threshold the second gear The risk of aquaplaning can make driving in wet conditions stressful, but there are lots of things you can do to stop it from happening or reduce the risk. A320 Line Training Last Updated: 14thJan, 2020 COMMON ITEMS ALREADY EXPLAINED CHAPTERS TO BE REVIEWED FROM FCOM CHAPTERS TO BE REVIEWED FROM OM MISC REFERENCES A320 SPECIFIC ITEMS IN CFP ... computed based on the long-range cruise speed and assuming that anti-ice is off. In service since 1988. V速度 (英語: V-speeds)とは、すべての航空機に存在する規則速度を定義するために用いられる航空用語のことである 。 これらの速度は飛行試験中に航空機設計者と製造業者によって算出され、その後、航空機の型式証明試験で政府の飛行検査官によって正式に決められる。 When the driving speed increases and the tyres wear out, the contact area between the tyre and the road is dramatically reduced. We are entering into the descent phase. Once the hydroplaning has commenced, the speed of the aircraft must be reduced immediately to allow the wheel to rotate again. This occurs when a thin film of contaminant creates a break in the contact of the tyre with the runway surface. In the case of the most common type of aquaplaning, called dynamic … in the A320, you are supposed to have your Autothrust set to about 140 during your approach. Know your runway length, width and aircraft performance. 5th Oct 2000, 00:39 #6 Moonbeam Purple Guest . TRIPLE … Maximum Takeoff Weight (MTOW) MZFW + Takeoff fuel, or MTW - Taxi fuel. It indeed burst into flames after landing at Sao Paulo's domestic airport, flames shot into the sky and clouds of black smoke billowed into the air after the Airbus-320 skidded of a runway. Certainly there "should" not have been any aquaplaning IMO. The maximum permissible tail wind landing speed of an A320 on a “normal length” runway is 15 knots (approx 28km/hr) in wet or dry conditions. Failure cases are not included. Cause: Wheels were not turning due to aquaplaning. A conventional fixed-wing aircraft flight control system consists of flight control surfaces, the respective cockpit controls, connecting linkages, and the necessary operating mechanisms to control an aircraft's direction in flight. Requirement: Enable reverse thrust iff plane is moving on runway. Positive, ‘on speed’ landing on the right spot. For the A320 the typical speed scenarios are 0.80 M/350 kt at MCT or 0.78 M/320 kt at MCT. The system detects an emergency braking by monitoring the speed and strength with which the brake pedal is pressed, thereby applying the optimal brake pressure. 1y. 320 / 32S. Newsgroups: sci.aeronautics.airliners From: David Lednicer <[email protected]> Subject: Early 737s Date: 05 Oct 93 01:10:31 PDT The Boeing 737-100 (and -200) as originally flown, had thrust reversers borrowd from the 727. The competition's closest model, the Airbus A320, has a rate of 0.69 per million but has been in existence only since 1988. I say that heavy rain was pretty much not a factor once they were at such a slow speed. A minimum hydroplaning speed is defined usually for each aircraft type and runway contaminant. SPEED VALUE EXAMPLES FOR THE A320-200. Conducting a firm touchdown can reduce hydroplaning at touchdown. Until speed drops below the aquaplaning figure, no effective wheel-braking can take place - in fact the risk of blowing tyres is high. The other risk from aquaplaning in Formula 1 car can happen when the car is literally lifted off the track by the barrier of water between the track and its underbody.Teams want to run plank as close to the ground as possible for aerodynamic reasons, and with such little ground clearance the risk of aquaplaning increases.

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